Sat, 26 Jul 2008 17:05:46 BST CiteULike: awooga Bear http://www.citeulike.org/user/awooga/author/Bear CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/awooga/article/2567765 <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol. 99, No. 16. (6 August 2002), pp. 10831-10836.</i><br /><br />Synapses in the brain are bidirectionally modifiable, but the routes of induction are diverse. In various experimental paradigms, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term depression and long-term potentiation have been induced selectively by varying the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neurons during presynaptic stimulation of a constant frequency, the rate of presynaptic stimulation, and the timing of pre- and postsynaptic action potentials. In this paper, we present a mathematical embodiment of bidirectional synaptic plasticity that is able to explain diverse induction protocols with a fixed set of parameters. The key assumptions and consequences of the model can be tested experimentally; further, the model provides the foundation for a unified theory of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity. A unified model of NMDA receptor-dependent bidirectional synaptic plasticity. HZ Shouval MF Bear LN Cooper doi:10.1073/pnas.152343099 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol. 99, No. 16. (6 August 2002), pp. 10831-10836. 2008-03-20T17:42:30-00:00 2002 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 0027-8424 99 16 10831 10836 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/awooga/article/2373586 <i>Nature, Vol. 320, No. 6058. (13 March 1986), pp. 172-176.</i> Modulation of visual cortical plasticity by acetylcholine and noradrenaline Mark Bear Wolf Singer doi:10.1038/320172a0 Nature, Vol. 320, No. 6058. (13 March 1986), pp. 172-176. 2008-02-14T12:23:23-00:00 1986 Nature 320 6058 172 176 acetylcholine neuromodulation noradrenaline plasticity vision visual-cortex http://www.citeulike.org/user/awooga/article/556226 <i>Science, Vol. 311, No. 5767. (17 March 2006), pp. 1606-1609.</i><br /><br />We discovered that when adult rats experience an association between visual stimuli and subsequent rewards, the responses of a substantial fraction of neurons in the primary visual cortex evolve from those that relate solely to the physical attributes of the stimuli to those that accurately predict the timing of reward. In addition to revealing a remarkable type of response plasticity in adult V1, these data demonstrate that reward-timing activity--a "higher" brain function--can occur very early in sensory-processing paths. These findings challenge the traditional interpretation of activity in the primary visual cortex. Reward Timing in the Primary Visual Cortex Marshall Shuler Mark Bear doi:10.1126/science.1123513 Science, Vol. 311, No. 5767. (17 March 2006), pp. 1606-1609. 2006-03-17T19:30:52-00:00 2006 Science 311 5767 1606 1609 dopamine reinforcement-learning visual-cortex working-memory