Sat, 05 Jul 2008 00:11:07 BST CiteULike: dchen Song http://www.citeulike.org/user/dchen/author/Song CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/dchen/article/2731415 <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, No. 7. (15 February 2005), pp. 2299-2304.</i><br /><br />A densely packed granular system is an example of an out-of-equilibrium system in the jammed state. It has been a longstanding problem to determine whether this class of systems can be described by concepts arising from equilibrium statistical mechanics, such as an effective temperature and compactivity. The measurement of the effective temperature is realized in the laboratory by slowly shearing a closely packed ensemble of spherical beads confined by an external pressure in a Couette geometry. All of the probe particles considered in this study, independent of their characteristic features, equilibrate at the same temperature, given by the packing density of the system. 10.1073/pnas.0409911102 Experimental measurement of an effective temperature for jammed granular materials Chaoming Song Ping Wang Hernan Makse doi:10.1073/pnas.0409911102 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, No. 7. (15 February 2005), pp. 2299-2304. 2008-04-29T00:38:58-00:00 2005 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 7 2299 2304 grains jamming makse temperature