CiteULike: neteler arthropod-vectors

Vorkommen und Verhütung vektorassoziierter Erkrankungen des Menschen in Deutschland unter Berücksichtigung zoonotischer Aspekte

M Faulde — 2008-01-29T16:09:49-00:00

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, Vol. 44, No. 2. (5 February 2001), pp. 116-136.

Zusammenfassung Derzeit sind in Deutschland 24 von Arthropoden oder Nagetieren übertragene Infektionserkrankungen endemisch, von denen 13 durch Schildzecken, fünf durch Ratten und Mäuse, drei durch Stechmücken und eine durch Kleiderläuse übertragen werden. Das Auftreten weiterer neun Infektionserkrankungen kann vermutet werden, von denen vier durch Schildzecken, vier durch Stechmücken und eine durch Flöhe übertragen werden. Von den durch heimische Arthropoden übertragenen Infektionserregern werden 72% (13 von 18) durch Schildzecken übertragen. Die bei weitem häufigste von Vektoren übertragene Erkrankung in Deutschland ist die Lyme-Borreliose mit einer angenommenen jährlichen Inzidenzrate von 20.000 bis 60.000 Fällen, weshalb Schildzecken im Vergleich mit anderen Vektorenfamilien qualitativ und quantitativ das größte Gefährdungspotential darstellen. Das Auftreten sowie die Ausbreitung neuer humanpathogener Infektionserreger ist in Mitteleuropa grundsätzlich immer möglich. Bei kürzlich durchgeführten serologischen Studien konnten bei Menschen erstmals anti-Ehrlichia- und anti-Babesia-Antikörper nachgewiesen werden. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass auch in Deutschland bislang nicht nachgewiesene Infektionserreger vorkommen und die Gefährdung durch von Zecken übertragene Infektionserkrankungen vermutlich erheblich unterschätzt wird. Zugleich breiten sich in Europa die FSME, das Mittelmeerfleckfieber, das West-Nil-Fieber sowie das Mäusefleckfieber weiter aus. Verfügbare Schutzmaßnahmen zur Verhinderung von vektorassoziierten Infektionserkrankungen basieren hauptsächlich auf persönlichen Schutz- und Schädlingsbekämpfungsmaßnahmen, die im Folgenden näher vorgestellt werden. Die im weltweiten Vergleich geringen und schlecht koordinierten Anstrengungen auf medizinisch-zoologischem Fachgebiet in Deutschland müssen dem internationalen Niveau sowie der globalen Situation angepasst werden. Abstract Overall, 24 known or potentially human-pathogenic vector-borne disease agents are transmitted in Germany, 13 of them by hard ticks, 5 by commensal rodents (rats and mice), 3 by mosquitoes, and one by body lice, respectively. Regarding vector-borne disease agents that are suspected to be present or hypothetically are transmissible in Germany, additionally 4 disease agents are vectored by hard ticks, 4 by mosquitoes, and one by fleas, and possibly sandflies, respectively. Among vector-borne diseases proven to be endemic in Germany, tick-borne diseases prevail significantly, both in the number of disease agents transmitted as well as in the resulting annual case-load of human diseases. Lyme-borreliosis is by far the most frequent vector-borne disease showing an estimated incidence between 20.000 and 60.000 cases annually. Serologic studies conducted recently for the determination of anti-Ehrlichia- and anti-Babesia-antibodies in human populations indicate that these newly detected disease agents are present and thus the burden of tick-borne diseases may be underestimated in Germany. Currently, Central European tick-borne encephalitis, Mediterranean spotted fever, West Nile fever, and Murine typhus are reportedly spreading across Europe. Available measures for disease prevention mainly base on different principles of personal protection and vector control further discussed herein. Strong efforts in the field of medical entomology must be taken in Germany to improve the health support required to deal with the global disease threat and reach an international standard in this area.

Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology (Advances in Parasitology)

SI Hay — 2006-07-31T08:02:58-00:00

(15 September 2000)

Global problems require global information, which satellites can now provide. With ever more sophisticated control methods being developed for infectious diseases, our ability to map spatial and temporal variation in risk is more important than ever. Only then may we plan control campaigns and deliver novel interventions and remedies where the need is greatest, and sustainable success is most likely. This book presents a comprehensive guide to using the very latest methods of surveillance from satellites, including analysing spatial data within geographical information systems, interpreting complex biological patterns, and predicting risk both today and as it may change in the future. Of all infectious disease systems, those that involve free-living invertebrate vectors or intermediate hosts are most susceptible to changing environmental conditions, and have hitherto received most attention from the marriage of analytical biology with this new space technology. Accordingly, this volume presents detailed case studies on malaria, African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), tick-borne infections and helminths (worms). For those who are unfamiliar with this science, and unsure how to start, the book ends with a chapter of practical advice on where to seek hands-on instruction. The lessons to be learned from these studies are applicable to many other epidemiological and ecological problems that face us today, most significantly the preservation of the world's biodiversity. Key Features * Only book to provide a synthesis of complex biology, quantitative analysis, space technology and practical applications, focused on solving real epidemiological problems on a global scale * Broad scope, with methods relevant to subjects ranging from biodiversity to public health * Practical advice on relevant courses * 24 pages of colour plates

Predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in West Africa using temporal Fourier processed meteorological satellite data.

DJ Rogers — 2005-08-01T12:20:20-00:00

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, Vol. 90, No. 3. (June 1996), pp. 225-241.

An example is given of the application of remotely-sensed, satellite data to the problems of predicting the distribution and abundance of tsetse flies in West Africa. The distributions of eight species of tsetse, Glossina morsitans, G. longipalpis, G. palpalis, G. tachinoides, G. pallicera, G. fusca, G. nigrofusca and G. medicorum in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso, were analysed using discriminant analysis applied to temporal Fourier-processed surrogates for vegetation, temperature and rainfall derived from meteorological satellites. The vegetation and temperature surrogates were the normalized difference vegetation index and channel-4-brightness temperature, respectively, from the advanced, very-high-resolution radiometers on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's polar-orbiting, meteorological satellites. For rainfall the surrogate was the Cold-Cloud-Duration (CCD) index derived from the geostationary, Meteosat satellite series. The presence or absence of tsetse was predicted with accuracies ranging from 67%-100% (mean = 82.3%). A further data-set, for the abundance of five tsetse species across the northern part of Côte d'Ivoire (an area of about 140,000 km2), was analysed in the same way, and fly-abundance categories predicted with accuracies of 30%-100% (mean = 73.0%). The thermal data appeared to be the most useful of the predictor variables, followed by vegetation and rainfall indices. Refinements of the analytical technique and the problems of extending the predictions through space and time are discussed.

Remotely sensed surrogates of meteorological data for the study of the distribution and abundance of arthropod vectors of disease.

SI Hay — 2005-08-01T12:13:20-00:00

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, Vol. 90, No. 1. (February 1996), pp. 1-19.

This paper gives an overview of how certain meteorological data used in studies of the population dynamics of arthropod vectors of disease may be predicted using remotely sensed, satellite data. Details are given of the stages of processing necessary to convert digital data arising from satellite sensors into ecologically meaningful information. Potential sources of error in these processing steps are also highlighted. Relationships between ground-measured meteorological variables (saturation deficit, ground temperature and rainfall) and data from both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's, polar-orbiting, meteorological satellites and the geostationary, Meteosat satellite are defined and examples detailed for Africa. Finally, the current status of existing satellite platforms and future satellite missions are reviewed and potential data availability discussed. How such satellite-based predictions have proved valuable in understanding the distribution of tsetse fly species in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso will be the subject of a future review.

Environmental information systems for the control of arthropod vectors of disease.

MC Thomson — 2005-07-22T15:23:58-00:00

Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Vol. 14, No. 3. (September 2000), pp. 227-244.

Over the last decade, remote sensing technologies and geographical information systems have moved from the research arena into the hands of vector control specialists. This review explains remote sensing approaches and spatial information technologies used for investigations of arthropod pests and vectors of diseases affecting humans and livestock. Relevant applications are summarized with examples of studies on African horse sickness vector Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), malaria vector Anopheles and arbovirus vector culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), leishmaniasis vector Phlebotomus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae), trypanosomiasis vector tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae), loaiasis vector Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae), Lyme disease vector Ixodes and other ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Methods and their uses are tabulated and discussed with recommendations for efficiency, caution and progress in this burgeoning field.