Sun, 27 Jul 2008 10:14:14 BST CiteULike: oamg perspective_taking http://www.citeulike.org/user/oamg/tag/perspective_taking CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/oamg/article/1836870 <i>J Cogn Neurosci, Vol. 19, No. 1. (January 2007), pp. 42-58.</i><br /><br />Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self-other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experiment, behavioral measures and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were presented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient ("imagine other") or to imagine oneself to be in the patient's situation ("imagine self"). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treatment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effectiveness instructions affected participants' affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral premotor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans' responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic concern, an important instigator for helping behavior. The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. C Lamm CD Batson J Decety doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.42 J Cogn Neurosci, Vol. 19, No. 1. (January 2007), pp. 42-58. 2007-10-29T20:07:34-00:00 2007 J Cogn Neurosci 0898-929X 19 1 42 58 altruism cause_and_effect fusiform_gyrus observational_learning perspective_taking http://www.citeulike.org/user/oamg/article/1300415 <i>J. Cogn. Neurosci., Vol. 19, No. 1. (1 January 2007), pp. 42-58.</i><br /><br />Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self-other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experiment, behavioral measures and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were presented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient ("imagine other") or to imagine oneself to be in the patient's situation ("imagine self"). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treatment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effectiveness instructions affected participants' affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral premotor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans' responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic concern, an important instigator for helping behavior. The Neural Substrate of Human Empathy: Effects of Perspective-taking and Cognitive Appraisal Claus Lamm Daniel Batson Jean Decety J. Cogn. Neurosci., Vol. 19, No. 1. (1 January 2007), pp. 42-58. 2007-05-16T15:45:39-00:00 2007 J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19 1 42 58 empathy fmri perspective_taking http://www.citeulike.org/user/oamg/article/1107690 <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 32, No. 6. (December 2006), pp. 1405-1421.</i><br /><br />People often learn actions by watching others. The authors propose and test the hypothesis that perspective taking promotes encoding a hierarchical representation of an actor's goals and subgoals--a key process for observational learning. Observers segmented videos of an object assembly task into coarse and fine action units. They described what happened in each unit from either the actor's, their own, or another observer's perspective and later performed the assembly task themselves. Participants who described the task from the actor's perspective encoded actions more hierarchically during observation and learned the task better. Perspective Taking Promotes Action Understanding and Learning Sandra Lozano Bridgette Hard Barbara Tversky doi:10.1037/0096-1523.32.6.1405 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 32, No. 6. (December 2006), pp. 1405-1421. 2007-02-15T03:55:58-00:00 2006 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 32 6 1405 1421 observational_learning perspective_taking theory_of_mind