Wed, 20 Aug 2008 22:18:08 BST CiteULike: stefanherzog Blair http://www.citeulike.org/user/stefanherzog/author/Blair CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/stefanherzog/article/176775 <i>Neuropsychologia, Vol. 42, No. 12. (2004), pp. 1585-1597.</i><br /><br />We examined neural activations during decision-making using fMRI paired with the wheel of fortune task, a newly developed two-choice decision-making task with probabilistic monetary gains. In particular, we assessed the impact of high-reward/risk events relative to low-reward/risk events on neural activations during choice selection and during reward anticipation. Seventeen healthy adults completed the study. We found, in line with predictions, that (i) the selection phase predominantly recruited regions involved in visuo-spatial attention (occipito-parietal pathway), conflict (anterior cingulate), manipulation of quantities (parietal cortex), and preparation for action (premotor area), whereas the anticipation phase prominently recruited regions engaged in reward processes (ventral striatum); and (ii) high-reward/risk conditions relative to low-reward/risk conditions were associated with a greater neural response in ventral striatum during selection, though not during anticipation. Following an a priori ROI analysis focused on orbitofrontal cortex, we observed orbitofrontal cortex activation (BA 11 and 47) during selection (particularly to high-risk/reward options), and to a more limited degree, during anticipation. These findings support the notion that (1) distinct, although overlapping, pathways subserve the processes of selection and anticipation in a two-choice task of probabilistic monetary reward; (2) taking a risk and awaiting the consequence of a risky decision seem to affect neural activity differently in selection and anticipation; and thus (3) common structures, including the ventral striatum, are modulated differently by risk/reward during selection and anticipation. Choice selection and reward anticipation: an fMRI study. M Ernst EE Nelson EB McClure CS Monk S Munson N Eshel E Zarahn E Leibenluft A Zametkin K Towbin J Blair D Charney DS Pine doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.05.011 Neuropsychologia, Vol. 42, No. 12. (2004), pp. 1585-1597. 2005-05-02T15:44:48-00:00 2004 Neuropsychologia 0028-3932 42 12 1585 1597 anticipation decision-making fmri neuroeconomics reward risk uncertainty http://www.citeulike.org/user/stefanherzog/article/34896 <i>Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 40, No. 1. (January 2004), pp. 75-81.</i><br /><br />Payne (2001) has documented that African-American faces automatically facilitate the categorization of handguns, relative to White faces. We suggest that these provocative results could derive from either the automatic activation of prejudice (negative evaluations) or the automatic activation of stereotypes (both positively and negatively valenced associations). In an extension of Payne’s procedure, we show that African-American faces facilitate the categorization of both handguns and sports-related objects, but not the categorization of insects or fruits. Additionally, both handguns and sports objects are more likely to be miscategorized following a White face prime than an African-American one. These results suggest that when perceivers are attempting to identify objects, automatic stereotypic associations, both positively and negatively valenced ones, are more influential than general negative sentiments towards African-Americans. Automatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the weapon paradigm CM Judd IV Blair KM Chapleau doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(03)00063-5 Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 40, No. 1. (January 2004), pp. 75-81. 2004-12-28T16:58:08-00:00 2004 Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 0022-1031 40 1 75 81 Elsevier Science automaticism bias discrimination prejudice stereotype weapon