Thu, 21 Aug 2008 00:00:25 BST CiteULike: stefanherzog Epley http://www.citeulike.org/user/stefanherzog/author/Epley CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/stefanherzog/article/559678 <i>Psychological Science, Vol. 17, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 311-318.</i> The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic: Why the Adjustments Are Insufficient Nicholas Epley Thomas Gilovich doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01704.x Psychological Science, Vol. 17, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 311-318. 2006-03-22T05:32:00-00:00 2006 Psychological Science 0956-7976 17 4 311 318 Blackwell Publishing adjustment anchoring heuristics http://www.citeulike.org/user/stefanherzog/article/528278 <i>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 6. (December 2005), pp. 925-936.</i><br /><br />Without the benefit of paralinguistic cues such as gesture, emphasis, and intonation, it can be difficult to convey emotion and tone over electronic mail (e-mail). Five experiments suggest that this limitation is often underappreciated, such that people tend to believe that they can communicate over e-mail more effectively than they actually can. Studies 4 and 5 further suggest that this overconfidence is born of egocentrism, the inherent difficulty of detaching oneself from one's own perspective when evaluating the perspective of someone else. Because e-mail communicators "hear" a statement differently depending on whether they intend to be, say, sarcastic or funny, it can be difficult to appreciate that their electronic audience may not. Egocentrism Over E-Mail: Can We Communicate as Well as We Think? Justin Kruger Nicholas Epley Jason Parker Zhi-Wen Ng doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 6. (December 2005), pp. 925-936. 2006-03-03T14:00:26-00:00 2005 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89 6 925 936 communication egocentrism email e-mail